Human Sleep-Wake Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Sleep-Wake Cycle - Essay Example In the decrement of circadian processes, sleep homeostasis takes charge, allowing for sleep opportunities to dominate (Martinez-Rodriguez & Santamaria, 2005). As part of biological rhythm, patterns in sleep-wake cycle may vary, depending on developmental age, but some of its mechanisms remain the same. Anatomical Description Neurological in origin, sleep-wake cycle is governed by brain structures, which in turn regulates neurochemical mechanisms. On structural construct, hypothalamus in midbrain is home to suprachiasmatic nucleus, which primarily controls circadian patterns of being awake and asleep (Conn, 2006). Progressively, arousal states in consciously-aware individuals are governed by several neurological parts: â€Å"brainstem...thalamus, and basal forebrain.† These anatomic landmarks are sources for several neurotransmitters, which chemically influence the sleep-wake cycle--promoting active or passive stimulation. Specifically, wakefulness is generated by chemical reac tions with â€Å"hyprocretin and locus coeruleus in hypothalamus and dopamine in thalamus,† while sleepiness is induced by â€Å"serotonin in brainstem and prostaglandin in forebrain† (Stiller, & Postolache, 2005, p. 2008). Each is either inhibited or exploited in order to maintain balance between wakefulness and sleepiness. If a part malfunctions, other neurochemicals compensate, before disruptions in sleep-wake cycle manifest. ... In stage 1, there is initial drowsiness and progression towards light sleep. On the next stage, light sleep deepens into true sleep--consistently repeated at midnight. In the last two stages, 3 and 4, biologic functions are slower, and slow-wave category of sleep takes place. This frequently occurs early in sleeping episodes and account for less than a quarter of overall sleeping time. As NREM has been through, more active brain activity signals entry into REM. Brain stimulation is intensive compared to previous levels in NREM, with distinctive â€Å"rapid eye movement...muscle paralysis, and dreaming† (Davis & Parker, 2004). As NREM occupies earlier periods of sleeping time, REM is exhibited during early mornings. In cyclical manner, sleep levels must pass from phases in NREM to REM, and constantly repeated as the chain is through--to achieve restful sleep. Sleep-wake Changes in Age Development Between the lengths of staying awake and falling asleep, there is a supposed diffe rence in this aspect for young and older groups. Length of continuous sleep is shortest in newborns, with less than 4 hours, and increases by 2 hours as they get older--totaling to 14-16 hours per day. In adolescence stage, 10 to 12 hours of sleep is common (Davis & Parker, 2004). Nonetheless, shortened sleep in young children lengthens with age augmentation, and declines as old age approaches. Significantly, circadian wake indicator is an hour or two earlier in older ones; hence, the range between staying awake and falling asleep is no longer proportional to that of younger samples (Billiard & Kent, 2003). The source for such alteration is traced back to circadian rhythm, where diminished natural processes change the older generations’ ability to stay asleep. As circadian

Education quiz 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Education quiz 2 - Essay Example A concrete example of this can be made by comparing the speed of reading between a learner who uses the Braille slate and a student who is not visually-impaired. According to healthguidance.org, the average reading speed of an adult is 250 words per minute. On the other hand, the Braille reading speed registers an average of 125 words per minute according to RIDBC Renwick Center for Research and Professional Education. In short, people who use the Braille slate demonstrate a 50% decrease in reading efficiency which has a significant impact in learning. Aside from causing reduced efficiency in reading, visual impairment limits the mobility of an individual. Limited mobility translates to inability to do tasks or perform actions that can be crucial for field learning. Observation, experimentation and interactive activities that can likely enhance learning cannot be accomplished. Additionally, a visually-impaired individual needs to rest the eyes in between tasks more than an individual with good eyesight. 2. B. There are different approaches which can be used to enhance the instructional accommodation of students with visual impairment. Some of these remedies are guided by the lessons from Master Differentiators. The first approach is to classify the students according to the following criteria: functional blindness, low vision and blindness. These varying degrees of visual impairment can serve as guide in preparing more learner-oriented curriculum and materials. The process begins by placing the learners in different classrooms. Then, targeted instruction can be administered which can heighten the learning experience. The second approach would utilize different learning materials for more effective instruction. Technology can be harnessed by using digital projectors as substitute for the traditional blackboard. Even software programs that come with a tablet for writing could aid the students to write. All these enhancements not only assist the learners to overco me their disability but also provide more time for instructors to attend to other instructional activities. The third accommodation is related to the second option although this one does not employ technology. Learning materials with a high-contrast would be used so learners can easily differentiate objects. There are two purposes for using high-contrast material: to reduce eye strain and possibly improve information processing. If national standards would come up with recommendations on color combinations ( as result of study or research ), this would greatly be a step forward in helping these learners. References Cox, P. R., & Dykes, M. K. Effective Classroom Adaptations for Students With Visual Impairments. (pp. 68-74). Vancouver: The Council for Exceptional Children. Craig, C. J., Hough, D. L., Churchwell, C., & Schmitt, V. (2002, June). A Statewide Study on the Literacy of Students with Visual Impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness , pp. 452-455. Mark, T. (n.d.). What Is the Average Reading Speed and the Best Rate of Reading? Retrieved February 16, 2011, from Health Guidance: http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/13263/1/What-Is-the-Average-Reading-Speed-and-the-Best-Rate-of-Reading.html RIDBC Renwick Center for Research and Professional Education. (n.d.). Reading Braille. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from http://www.ridbcrenwickcentre.com/louisbraille/ facts/reading-braille/ 2. A. Challenges in reading

Culture Art and Technology Essay Example for Free

Culture Art and Technology Essay Among figures of religion, Mahatma Gandhi, Mohammed, and Siddhartha Gautama are some of the prominent individuals who have shared before the world their religious experiences with respect to their own religion. Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism have all received a great amount of fundamental advancement from the ideas and actions of these important individuals. Not only did they help shape the very religion they are attached to—they established it like no other. Yet even though their beliefs and characters are particularly unique from one another being human examples of the tradition in which they are a part of, they still hold one common strand—they all had religious experiences that were influenced by their family ties, geographical location and cultural background to name a few. Through the course of the years, history tells us that the raids later evolved into a struggle motivated by religious grounding— believers against non-believers. This indicates the idea that the spiritual experiences and conquests of Mohammed hold a central position in defining the religious practices of Muslims. While Gandhi espouses peaceful and non-violent methods in attaining the causes of Hinduism, Mohammed and Islam’s concept of jihad adopts the idea that religion itself can be the primary reason for engaging in violent measures in order to further the goal of Islam. Nevertheless, the fact remains that Mohammed’s role in the development of Islam as an established religion in many countries separated by geographical boundaries is crucial inasmuch as it cannot be denied. The same holds true for Siddhartha Gautama whose reputation in the religion of Buddhism is greatly acknowledged as essential both by believers and academic scholars. As Herman Hesse suggests, Siddhartha espouses the idea that, for one to know one’s quest in life, it is imperative to find the source from within and not from without, like a â€Å"flowing river† that attracts â€Å"a deep love for this flowing water† (Hesse 100). Introspection, or an inner contemplation, is one of the main precepts being pushed forward by Siddhartha which further suggests the idea that each individual must take time to isolate one’s self from others in order to be able to focus and to introspect. This idea can be rooted from one of Siddhartha’s life-transforming moments. The religious experience of Siddhartha began after his encounter with a sick man, a poor man, a beggar and a corpse that revealed unto him the idea that humanity is filled with sorrow brought about by the sufferings in life . Being isolated away from the outside world after being confined within his home for almost the entire duration of his early years, Siddhartha began to realize the deeper side of life after the experience. He decided to leave behind his previous lifestyle and pursued, instead, a life of intense asceticism. However, Siddhartha realized that to live one’s life is to neither live in excessive abundance of wealth and material possessions nor in extreme plainness after overhearing a teacher discussing music. In the end, he pursed the Middle Way, or the way of life that takes the middle path instead of the extremes . These aspects hold the key to understanding the Buddhists’ primary religious experience which is significantly felt, at least in modern times, in the social context of teaching others the way of living life in the Middle Path through a life of internal contemplation or personal reflection. As Siddhartha dedicated his life to pursuing the Middle Path after his yogic meditations, followers of the Buddhist religion later on adopted this method as one of the cornerstones or identities of their group. This suggests the idea that the religious experience of Buddhists in general is strongly tied to a personal level as its most basic foundation. Manifested through yogic meditations, Buddhist monks of today incorporate in their daily lives these principles . Moreover, it can be observed that Islam calls for a life that is centered on Allah while Hinduism, as exemplified by the life of Gandhi, calls for a life that should be dedicated towards the lives of others . It is religious imperative in Islam that Muslims should direct their lives towards revering Allah in every thought and action and that, correspondingly, the religious experience of every Muslim should all the more reflect their strong attachment to Allah (Boyd 69). As Mohammed himself is the foremost Muslim who has been able to fully actualize this thought, it remained an integral part in the lives of the millions of Muslims all around the world. This incorporates the idea that the religious experience of a single individual—the prophet Mohammed—has greatly affected the succeeding generations that came to follow the same path. While Islam essentially requires the primordial importance of Allah, Hinduism has been closely attached to the sense that it is a religion that is centered on others. The same holds true for Buddhism although the religion reflects reverence to â€Å"the Awakened One† or Buddha and that Hinduism itself has its own versions of celestial entities or â€Å"Devas† as well as the concept of â€Å"Brahman† which refers to the greater Self or God. These things constitute the belief that, although Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam have parallel ideas of higher beings or divine entities, it appears that Islamic treatment for a higher being supersedes those of the other two. This can be rooted out from the fact that the scriptures of Islam and its religious followers and believers put Allah above everything else while Hinduism and Buddhism, through their yogic meditations, allow or give due importance to the self as well. This is not to say that Islam as a religion does not give due importance to its believers. It only entails the idea that Islam treats man as a being that should be placed under Allah and that Hinduism and Buddhism illustrate a rather more salient consideration for the welfare of man. Mahatma Gandhi, for example, showed his concern for others by teaching the poor exploited peasants in the region of Champaran in Bihar about the satyagraha, inquiring about their sufferings, educating them to fight for their rights and at the same time to carry out their obligations to the nation as a whole . Siddhartha, on the other hand, lived his forty-five years traveling along the country, finding sustenance on the alms given by other people after teaching the people the means that will liberate humanity from worldly sufferings . Moreover, one of the notable religious experiences of both Gandhi and Siddhartha is pegged on the idea that they both waged a â€Å"battle† in terms of forwarding their beliefs in the context of their religion. While Gandhi strived for peaceful measures—passive resistance, for example—in order to achieve his aim for a peaceful world with equality among religions and Siddhartha pushed his ideologies of liberating humanity from the worldly sufferings they experience through teaching them the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, Mohammed took a rather different approach. The fact that Mohammed engaged in jihad or in battles through the â€Å"sword† reveals the idea that Mohammed will take up arms in defending the religion against aggressors or in forwarding Islamic tenets. Thus, it can be argued that the religious experience of Mohammed, or at least the part in which he waged battles in his religious life, is distinctively different from those of Gandhi and Siddhartha. The differences in the religious experiences among the three can be largely seen on their corresponding actions and exploits during their existence and the resulting consequences it created on their religions. This also affects these religions view on disasters. Jihad is indubitably a central part of Islam; Yogic meditations play a significant role in Buddhism and Hinduism with former embracing the Middle Path and the latter guiding the lives of its believers through its sacred texts. The Qur’an greatly emphasizes the idea that Allah should be above everything else; Hinduism seeks to treat everyone and every other religion their due recognition in the sense that to each is his own truth or, at the most, God; and Buddhism’s goal is to free human beings from suffering and the cycle of rebirth and make them know the â€Å"truth†. Conclusion The religious experiences of Mahatma Gandhi, Siddhartha Gautama, and Mohammed all have a great bearing on the religions they belong to. These individuals have a large sum of contributions not only to the expansion of the reaches of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam but on the very central precepts of these religions. Although each of them has their own specific religious experiences and beliefs, and that while it may be true that each of them forwards distinctive approaches in meeting their religious goals, they all nevertheless share the parallel idea that religion is a significant section of their lives. In essence, however, their respective cultural background, geographical location, and family ties among many others have strongly shaped their religious experiences which, as a consequence, influenced their religion. Above all these, by comparing and contrasting the lives of Mohammed, Siddhartha and Gandhi, one is able to better understand some of the main—and oftentimes subtle—differences between these religions view on disasters in life. References: Aly, A. The Life of the Prophet Muhammad. 1999. (October 3, 1999): ATT Knowledge Ventures. April 2008. http://home. att. net/~a. f. aly/muhammad. htm. Borman, William. Life, the Chief Value: Wrong Aims and Methods, and False Views. Boyd, Stephen Blake. Malcolm Xs Religious Pilgrimage: From Black Separatism to a Universal Way. Redeeming Men: Religion and Masculinities. Ed. Stephen Blake Boyd. Louisville, Ky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996. 69. Gandhi and Non-Violence. Albany, N. Y. : State University of New York Press, 1986. 200. Gandhi, Mahatma. An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth. Long Island, N. Y. : Buccaneer Books Inc, 2007. Hesse, Hermann. Siddhartha. New York: Bantam Classics, 1981. Levine, Marvin. The Story of Siddhartha. The Positive Psychology of Buddhism and Yoga: Paths to a Mature Happiness: With a Special Application to Handling Anger. Mahwah, N. J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. , 2000. 12. Life of Siddhartha Gautama. 2002. Human Ecology. April 2008. http://199. 33. 141. 196/courses/idm2002/leung/rootbiography/pages/Life/lifemain. html. Mahatma Gandhi: His Life in Pictures. New Delhi: The Central Electric Press, 1954. Neusner, Jacob, and Tamara Sonn. Jihad (Islam). Comparing Religions through Law: Judaism and Islam. New York: Routledge, 2002. 203. Some Thoughts on the Power of Focused, Principled Hatred. Imperial Hubris: Why the West Is Losing the War on Terror. Washington, D. C. : Brasseys Books, 2004. 6. Swenson, Don. The Dilemma of Delimitation: The Study of Ethos. Society, Spirituality, and the Sacred: A Social Scientific Introduction. Peterborough, Ont. , Canada: New York Broadview Press, 1999. 255. Yob, Iris M. Growing up Buddhist. Keys to Interfaith Parenting. Hauppauge, N. Y. : Barrons, 1998. 79.

A marketing analysis of Haleeb Foods

A marketing analysis of Haleeb Foods Haleeb Foods was established in 1986 and its first product was Haleeb milk. Since then, it has continued to provide quality products to its consumers with product and packaging innovations. Haleeb Foods is Pakistans number 1 and fastest growing packaged Food Company. In 2006, its annual turnover was Rs.9 Billion. Haleeb Foods has built an excellent reputation over the years. Haleeb Foods continues to be at the forefront of product and packaging innovation. By the grace of God, it has achieved market leadership in several food categories with a very strong portfolio consisting of leading national and international brands , Candia, Dairy Queen, Tea Max, , Tropico and Good Day. Apart from its extensive nationwide distribution networks, Haleeb Foods is also serving several export markets including South Korea, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and the Central Asian states and now going to introduce flavoured milk in united kingdom. 2-Vision Statement: Most Innovative and fastest growing food company offering flavoured milk product enjoyed in United Kingdom every home every day 2.1-Mission Statement: Our mission is to be the consumers first choice for products of outstanding quality and great service at a competitive cost through working faster, simpler and together. Build Branded food business to improve quality of life by offering tasty affordable and highly nutritional products to our consumers while maximizing stake holders value 3-Market Analysis Marketing analyses is very important for the new product because it will help us to know about our customers and competitors and we also conduct a research for the new product . first we will conduct primary research for our new product development and then try to know about our competitors. 3.1-Primary Research Primary research is one of the best tool for the success of the product. because in primary research we collect the data directly from the people and for this purpose we go for both qualitative and quantitative research. 3.2-Qualitative Data Following things can be included for qualitative research Interviews Observation Analysis 3.2.1-Interviews: Interviews are one on one or small group question and answer sessions. Interviews will provide a lot of information from a small number of people and are useful when you want to get an expert or knowledgeable opinion on a subject. we did interviews of different stakeholders, they are happy to this new product because we are launching in more than ten flavours. People are supporting this new product due to different flavours, they want change. 3.2.2-Observations: Observations involve taking organized notes about occurrences in the world. Observations provide you insight about specific people, events and are useful when you want to learn more about an event without the based viewpoint of an interview. According to our observation most people use flavoured milk, mostly child take a tin in their hand while going to school for breakfast. 3.2.3-Analysis: Analysis involves after collecting data and organizing it in some specific criteria you develop. They are useful when you want to find some trend or pattern. A type of analysis would be to record commercials on three major television networks and analyze gender roles 3.3-Quantitative Data Quantitative data has a very important for the primary research and it includes surveys and questionnaire. 3.3.1-Surveys: Surveys are a form of questioning that is more rigid than interviews and that involve larger groups of people. Surveys will provide a limited amount of information from a large group of people and are useful when you want to learn what a larger population thinks. In order to learn weather people would like to buy or use our product, we have decided to conduct a market survey. First of all we have designed a survey form that shows people ideas. Our organisation conduct a survey by questionnaire 3.3.2-Questionnaire Please tick on the appropriate and write a few short sentences where descriptive answer is required. 1-Do you like flavored milk? Yes No 2-Which milk do you use? Yazoo Frijj 3-What do you consider before buying a product Price Brand name -Labeling 4-In which age you lie? Middle age young age old age 5-How much is your monthly income 600 800 1000 6-Are you conscious about quality? Yes NO 7-Which flavoured do u like most? Strawberry banana chocolate 8-Which brand do u prefer most? Yazoo FRIJJ 9-Do you think that its flavour is nice? Yes No 10-Is it available in your local market easily ? Yes No 11-What do you think when buy? Low price Quality Thanking you for sharing such valuable ideas, your time and cooperation 3.4-Existing Competitors 3.4.1-Competitors Analysis Competitor analysis in marketing and strategic management is an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current and potential competitors. This analysis provides both an offensive and defensive strategic context through which to identify opportunities and threats. Following are the main competitors 1- Yazoo 2- Frijj 3.4.2-Yazoos History Yazoo is a bottled flavoured milk or milkshake produced by Campina and is sold in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It comes in three flavours Banana, Chocolate, Strawberry. Campina Yazoo is the market leading bottled milkshake in the UK with over 80 million bottles sold each year. Introduced in 1989 as a flavoured milk drink for young children, the brand has grown consistently and now is drunk by kids (and grow ups) of all ages. Strength 1- Strong brand name 2-They have strong supply chain 3-Their financial position is very strong due to high volume of sales 4-They have many loyal customers 5-pricing Weakness Due to high volume of production sometime by mistake faulty products are sent into market 1-less flavour 3.4.3-Frijj History Frijj is a brand of milkshake sold mainly in the United Kingdom. Produced by Dairy Crest, it was first launched in 1993. Frijj is sold in four permanent flavours: strawberry, chocolate, banana and Chocolate Fudge Brownie. There have also been numerous limited edition flavours, some of which have featured characters. Strengths 1-Frijj has strong dealer network 2-Strategic alliances 3-Research and development investment Weaknesses 1-Less market share 4- 4ps For Flavoured Milk 4.1-Product Now Haleeb Foods Ltd is launching a new product in the United Kingdom market named as Flavoured Milk which will be available in different flavours in the market like as strawberry, banana, mango, chocolate, oat, apricot, mixed flavour and etc. 4.2-Price Pricing is one of the most important elements of the marketing mix, as it is the only mix, which generates a turnover for the organisation. Pricing is difficult and must reflect supply and demand relationship. Pricing a product too high or too low could mean a loss of sales for the organisation. We are offering competitive introductory price which is mentioned below Flavored milk introductory Price Sizes Prices ( £) Flavoured milk 3L 1.49 Flavoured milk 1L 60 p Flavoured milk 500ML 35 p Flavoured milk 250 ML (6 bottle pack) 1.00 4.3-Place It will be available in all supermarket and shopping plaza and all local area shops. We have decided to place the product in all the major and minor markets as well as in the canteens of colleges and universities. We have decided to acquire the services of large and organized distribution in different areas of UK. 4.4-Promotion We have planned a very wide range of promotion strategy that covers almost every part of the society. We have supported our promotional strategy with the use of electronic media, print media, internet and other sources and also with the help of some schemes such as lucky draws. Our promotion strategy in detail is as Television channels Newspapers Magazines Pamphlets Banners Sign boards Prize scheme Internet 4.5-Conclusion Of Marketing Environment By the intensive study of the entire market in its whole perspective it came to know that the overall environment is not much in favour of new firms. Because of semi-democratic ruling and the presence of well established competitors holding major part of the market, but we have a great edge we are introducing more flavoured as compared to our competitor. it seems supportive for a new product to make its place in the market. 4.6-Purpose The purpose of launching the Flavoured milk is to give a new taste to the people who are drinking almost every milk available in the market. We want to provide different flavours to the people so that they become refresh and healthy. 4.7-Features Following are some of the features of our product: 1-flavoured milk is good for health 2-Provides calcium 3-Provides vitamins 4-Beneficial for bones 5-Excellent in taste 6-Gives freshness 4.8-Targeting We will target the following customers: 1-Young generation 2-Boys and girls and people of every age 3-Belongs to upper and lower class 4-Student of colleges and universities 5-Wants a new and refreshing taste 4.9-Positioning We have to position our product in the minds of the customers and consequently in the market with the help of our effective and customer oriented market strategies. 4.10-Competitors strategy Our competitors have a good market share because they are adapting following strategies: 1-Less prices 2-Effective promotion 3-Intensive distribution 4-Quality products 5-Customers research 6-Attractive packaging Task 2 5-Cost Benefits analysis of Haleeb Flavoured Milk for four years 5.1-Material, Equipments and Labour cost. Yearly Cash Flow 1st Year 2011 2nd Year 2012 3rd Year 2013 4th Year 2014 Cash Outflow IT Expanses Computers and Servers 10,000 500 0 0 Website Development 0 0 0 0 Maintenance 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 Hosting 300 300 300 300 Licensing 900 900 900 900 Communication System for vehicles 1000 200 0 0 Total 13400 3100 2400 2400 Research Development Online Development 75,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 Risk Analysis 40,000 50,000 55,000 60,000 Total 1,25,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 Marketing Usual Marketing 60,000 55,000 55,000 50,000 E Marketing 45,000 45,000 55,000 45,000 `Total 1,05,000 1,00,000 1,10,000 90,000 Administration cost Machinery in warehouse 15,000 5,000 0 0 Rent 8,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 Internet 250 250 250 250 Phone 120 120 120 120 Salaries 80,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 Insurance 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 Vehicle and Maintenance 8,000 12,000 0 0 Inventory 60,000 69,000 75,000 80,000 Total 1,92,370 1,27,570 128,770 126,170 Total Cash Outflow( £) 4,35,770 3,10,670 3,21,170 2,98,570 Cash Inflow Sales Revenue 2,00,000 2,50,000 3,25,000 4,00,000 Other Revenue 50,000 70,000 1,01,000 1,25,000 Total Cash Inflow( £) 2,50,000 3,20,000 4,26,000 5,00,000 Net Cash Flow( £) (1,85,770) 9,330 1,04,830 2,01,430 Note: All figures are based on prediction. 5.2-Staff Training And Development Skills Audit and Development Planning Sample Sheets Operation/Process Description Skills Set Required Staff Fully Competent Some Skills Evident need Development Skills require Development IT Training skills Computer skilled staff NO YES Using Software (SAP) Collection from port to warehouse Staff training for keep it specific temperature carefully NO YES Tagging and keeping On time delivery Training For Drivers to deliver it on time No YES Familiar with exact place Packaging training Train the staff for Packaging(How to hold them) NO YES Basic Training for Checking material of Packaging 5.3-Option Construction Stage and Option Appraisal Stage Skills to be Developed Training/Development Options Option Appraisal Decision Latest softwares Proper knowledge of using Software and training Appraisal system Must be good learner Different for each costumers Proper Training related to job Appraisal system Proper training session required Task 3 6-Executive Summary This project is about new product development by Haleeb Foods Ltd. Haleeb Foods has the distinction of being the first company in Pakistan to use Tetra Paks novel packaging formats, Haleeb Foods has also introduced a number of unique products previously unknown to the Pakistani market, like Haleeb Labban, delicious traditional lassi (buttermilk) prepared with pure thick milk and yogurt, Candia Tea Max, Candia milk, packed in distinctive food grade plastic bottle, and Haleeb Good Day, 100% pure and natural fruit juice, free of added sugar, artificial flavours and preservatives. Now Haleeb Foods Ltd has developed a new product that is milk in different flavours and going to introduce in united kingdom market.For this purpose first we have conducted the SWOT analysis of company to see the companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Then we have explained the purposes, benefits and objectives of our products. Secondly we have made a marketing mix strategy for our product. We have divided market into different segments and decided to target young students of school, colleges and universities and people of every age. We have also paid special attention to the packaging, colour and price of the product. We have decided to place the product in all the markets of UK especially in the canteens of school, colleges and universities and every supermarket. We will promote our product through electronic media, leaflets, internet and other sources. We have also conducted a market survey to know the opinion of public about our product and developed our product accordingly. 7-Project Management project management skills are obviously important for project managers. Project management methods to be very useful in its planning and implementation. Even the smallest task can benefit from the use of a well chosen project management technique or tool, especially in the planning stage. projects can be various shapes and sizes, from the small and straight forward to extremely large and highly complex. In organizations and businesses, project management can be concerned with any area or function, for example: people staffing and management products and services materials manufacturing and production IT and communications Storage and distribution Finance administration purchasing Sales selling marketing human resources development and training customer service and relations quality health and safety legal and professional technical scientific research and development new business development anything else which needs planning and managing within organizations. Project management techniques are not just for project managers . they are available for anyone to use. 7-project management and implementation process 1.Agree precise specification for the project 2.Plan the project 3.Communicate the project plan to your project team 4.Agree and delegate project actions. 5.Manage and motivate the project team. 6. monitor review project progress 7.1-Agree precise specification for the project The project specification should be an accurate description of what the project aims to achieve, and the criteria and flexibilities involved its parameters, scope range, outputs, sources, budgets and timescales. Project terms also provide an essential discipline and framework to keep the project on track, and concerned with the original agreed aims which are given below. 1-Describe your purpose and aims . 2-State parameters for project (budgets, range, scope, time scale). 3-involve the people in meetings and decision making process. 4-Establish break points at which to review and check progress, and how progress and results will be measured. 7.2-Plan The Project Plan the various stages and activities of the project. Where necessary involve your team in the planning. It is useful to identifying all the things that need to be put in place and done, in reverse order. From the beginnings of the project use brainstorming ideas to help gather points and issues and to explore innovations and ideas 7.3-Project Times Scales and costs Most projects come in late thats why we planned a time scale and cost. If you have been given a fixed deadline, plan to meet it earlier, and work back from that earlier date. Projects which slip back and are delivered late, or which run over budget or fail to meet other financial requirements often cause significant problems. Exercising a little realism at the outset of a project regarding financials and timescales can save an enormous amount of trouble later. We are going to launch this project by the end of December 2011. 7.4-The project team important part of the planning stage is picking your team. Take great care especially if you have team members imposed on you by the project brief. Selecting and gaining commitment from the best team members whether directly employed, contractors and suppliers, consultants or other partners is crucial to the quality of the project. Project management on a tight budget can be a lonely business get some help from good people you can trust whatever the budget. 7.5-Project Management Tools There are different management tools for this project but Haleeb milk is going to use the brain storming tool. 7.5.1-Brainstorming For this project Haleeb food is going to use the brainstorming tool. Brainstorming is a popular tool that helps you generate creative solutions to a problem which can develop new ways of looking at things. It also helps you overcome many of the issues that can make group problem solving a sterile and unsatisfactory process. Used with your team. 7.5.2-Gantt Charts ACTIVITIES WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6 Executive summary Xxxxx Name of Focus Organisation xxxxx Description of Focus Organisation x xxxxx Organisational Factor xxxxx xxxxx environmental factor xxxxx xxxxx PEST Analysis xxxxx Change xxxxx xxxxx SWOT Analysis xxxxx cost benefit analysis XXXX potential cost associated with that change XXXX Team Briefing Process Training Staff XXXX How and when change will be Implemented XXXXX XXXXX conclusion xxxxx 7.5.3-Project Financial Planning And Reporting For projects you will probably need a spreadsheet to plan and report planned and actual expenditure of project .Large projects are likely to require some sort of require dedicated accounting software to manage the financial planning and software. It is a key function of project management. Create a cost line for main expenditure activity. Create a system for allocating incoming invoices to the correct activities. 7.5.4-Project Contingency Planning Since projects involve uncertainty and risk it is likely that you will need to develop contingency plans for key areas of risk. Basically this involves identifying risk scenarios which, have a significant impact on the ability of the institution to carry out its business and considering what options are available to you. Contingency plans are your alternative plans. They are there so that when a crisis occurs you can transfer almost instantaneously to an alternative plan. 7.6-Communicate The Project Plan To Your Team Communication is beneficial for project. it tells people what is happening and you get essential support, agreement and commitment. in project you should involve the team in the planning process to get good result. Involvement and communication are vital for cooperation and support. 7.7-Agree And Delegate Project Actions We have to identified each activity including all relevant parameters, timescales, costs, and deliverables. Use the SMART acronym to help you delegate tasks properly. Use of proper delegation methods is vital for successful project management involving teams. So publish the full plan to all in the team and consider carefully how to delegate medium to long term tasks. 7.8-Manage,Motivate The Project Team Manage the team and activities in meetings, communicating, supporting, and helping with decisions. Arrange face to face and group meetings, when you can bring team members together, are generally the best way to avoid issues and relationships becoming personalised and emotional. 7.9-Monitor Review Project Progress Check the progress of activities against the plan. Review performance regularly and adjust the plan if necessary in light of performance, changing circumstances, and new information, but remain on track and within the original terms of reference. Plan team review meetings. Stick to the monitoring systems you established. 7.10-Planning To Import Importing goods and materials can be complex. First of all drawing up contracts with your overseas suppliers .when and how you will make payments for the materials, bearing in mind that the exchange rate might change after you have placed your order, transport arrangements, storage, documentation and insurance. 7.11-Managing transport We are going to import directly. Importing directly means that you have personal contact with the overseas suppliers. It is potentially more profitable but means that you are vulnerable to language problems, exchange rate fluctuations and the possibility of additional costs. 7.12-Legal Responsibilities As An Importer Check that the items you are planning to import are allowed in or whether they need an import licence. Consider whether you are liable, under the principles of product liability for any harm caused by the imported items. Pay any duty and VAT that apply under UK law. 8-Implementation plan 8.1-Vision and mission Vision is to improve the performance of the core units chain. Whilst doing so we will continue to explore and develop growth opportunities in other markets. Our mission is to be the consumers first choice for products of outstanding quality and great service at a competitive cost through working faster, simpler and together. 8.2-Objectives To innovate and provide leadership in delivering quality products at fair prices,  Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  To increase market share  Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  To increase profit  Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  To increase the length of product line  Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  To serve customers better  Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  To face strong competition 8.3-Environmental Analysis Organizational environment consist of all factors that in one way or another way affect or affected by the organization decision. Haleeb foods Organizational environment refers to the forces that can make an impact .Forces made up opportunities and threats. Organizations dose not exist in isolation. It works with the overall environment. these can be divided into two main parts as, Internal Environment and External Environment 8.4-Internal Environment Organizations internal environment refers to the elements within the organization. Internally an organization can be viewed as a resource conversion machine that takes inputs (labour, money, materials and equipment) from the external environment (the outside world), converts them into useful products, goods and services, and makes them available to customers as outputs. Employees or the working people are the main resources of an organization. In other hand these employees can make a big difference for an organization. If an organization has unskilled labours they may find a difficulty of getting things done. Organization benefited with skilled labour. It requires motivation and skills development to take the maximum performance of the labour. A manager is someone skilled in knowing how to analyze and improve the ability of an organization to survive and grow in a complex and changing world. This means that managers have a set of tools that enable them to grasp the complexity of the organizations environment. 8.5-External Environment It consists of all the outside institutions and forces that have an actual or potential interest or impact on the organizations ability to achieve its objectives for this we will do different analysis 1-Pest Analysis 2-Swot Analysis 3-Porters 5 Forces 8.5.1-PEST Analysis Political Factors Economic conditions are influenced by political and government policy, as you know the new government is making new policies in every field, it might be affect the business. At any one time either exported or imported goods can seem expensive or inexpensive, dependent upon currency exchange rates. There are many other ways, however, in which government decisions will affect organizations both directly and indirectly, as they provide both opportunities and threats for new business. Economic factors Economic condition are related to political and government policies .Due to instability in country ,inflation, unemployment ,no one company dont want to invest his money in the country .economy rate is going down and down every day. As a new milk company Haleeb foods will help the country to decrease unemployment by giving jobs to unemployed. Social factors the socio cultural environment summarizes the demand and taste . Many U.K citizens are practicing healthier lifestyles. This has affected the alcoholic beverage industry in that many are switching to diet colas and FLAVOURED MILK instead of beer and other alcoholic beverages. Also, time management has increased and is at approximately 43% of all households. The need for healthy products are in important in the average day-to-day life. Consumers from the ages of 37 to 55 are also increasingly concerned with nutrition. There is a large population of the age range known as the baby boomers. Since many are reaching an older age in life they are becoming more concerned with increasing their longevity. Technological factors The effectiveness of companys advertising, marketing and promotional programs. The new technology of internet and television which use special effects for advertising through media. They make some products look attractive. This helps in selling of the products. This advertising makes the product attractive. This technology is being used in media to sell their products. 8.5.2-SWOT Analysis Strengths: 1. Strong management system: 2. Effective internal communication system 3. Efficient use of resources 4. Employees empowerment 5. Diverse work force 6. Innovations 7-Taste,nutritious,hygienic,packaging Weaknesses: 1. Less market share 2. Limited knowledge of customers 3.

Black Boy :: Essays Papers

Black Boy2 Black Boy, Richard Wright's autobiography, covers his childhood and early adulthood. It opens with four-year-old Richard's rebellion against authority, an important motif in Black Boy. At the time, Richard was restless and resentful of his mother's injunction of silence. Richard accidentally burned down his grandparents' house in his attempt to find something to occupy his time. After his mother determined that he was unharmed, she beat him so badly he lost consciousness. When Richard and his brother were very young, Nathan Wright, their father, abandoned the family, plunging them into poverty. Richard's constant hunger made him extremely bitter toward his absent father. Over the next few years, Ella, Richard's mother, would desperately attempt to feed, clothe, and shelter her children. Her long hours of work often meant leaving her children with little supervision. When Richard was six years old, he began begging drinks in a nearby saloon where the customers plied him with nickels if he would repeat various curse words and offensive phrases. When beatings proved ineffective in breaking her son of his growing obsession with alcohol, Ella engaged the babysitting services of an older black woman in the neighborhood. Ella moved in with her sister, Maggie, and Maggie's husband, Silas Hoskins. Hoskins was the proprietor of a successful saloon, so there was always more than enough food to eat. Nevertheless, Richard was unable to lose the fear that his hunger would return anew, so he hoarded food all over the house. Unfortunately, the newfound stability was not destined to last. The local whites were jealous of Hoskins's profitable business, so they murdered him and threatened to kill the rest of his family. Maggie and Ella fled with the two boys to live in another town. Maggie and Ella's combined wages proved adequate to feed and clothe Richard and his brother, but Maggie became involved with "Professor" Matthews, a wanted man. Ella and the children fled to the North after Matthews killed a white woman; Ella once again had to work alone to provide for herself and her children. Ella's health began to deteriorate. Lacking rent money, she and her sons were forced to move several times. A paralytic stroke disabled her, so Richard was forced to write to his grandmother for help. Ella's siblings gave what help they could, but none of them could take on the responsibility for both of her children. Richard's grandmother took on the responsibility for caring for Ella.

Buy or Build a Successful Internet Business :: Sell Websites Buy Web Sites

Buy or Build a Successful Internet Business Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.com Many people who don’t make their living online believe that the Internet has become very crowded. They are convinced that there are now few opportunities to develop a hugely successful online business. Nothing could be further from the truth. I have launched several websites that were late comers in very crowded niche markets. These websites now dominate their perspective niches and each generates a six figure profit – before the government takes their huge share for contributing nothing. Of course, there are mainstream areas that have become extremely saturated. These markets are easily identified by the absurd pay per click (PPC) costs for keyword phrases targeted at these markets. To succeed you will have to cater products or services to a niche market. The majority of people who start an online businesses do so with little thought and no planning. They find a wholesaler who dropships products directly to customers and then they build a web site. The barriers to entry are non existent. Any a high school student with a parent’s credit card can quickly build a web site, pay for keywords on PPC engines and have a sale all within a few hours. This works because that student comes in at the lowest price and is thrilled making 10% margins or $200 dollars a week. If you wish to develop a successful eCommerce business then it is very helpful if you can create high barriers to entry. As an example, having the exclusive right to distribute a product over the Internet or distributing a product you manufacturer would create high entry barriers. If you don’t currently have access to any exclusive products or services then consider approaching companies who do not market their goods via the Internet and secure an exclusive right to offer their products or services online. Another method of creating high barriers to entry is just plain hard work. When I developed my website for schools there were already many similar websites on the internet. Each of these websites provided information on ten to thirty different schools. I launched my website with information on over 600 schools and within a few months I was the highest ranked website in this category. In general, if I can’t offer ten times what is being offered by established websites in a market niche then I don’t enter an established market.

Contrast Media Procedures For Radiography Health And Social Care Essay

In the skiagraphy unit, contrast media ( centimeter ) is one of the agents who helped to better the truth of x-ray image of some x-ray scrutiny processs. In add-on. CM is a substance that is radio-opaque. This cause the contrast media was white on x-ray images. Contrast primary usage is to make the consequence of media images appropriate to the construction or the fluid in the organ basdan. Contrast media major intent of reexamining any pathology of the variety meats involved. Contrast media can be divided into two classs: positive and negative contrast media. In general, a positive contrast media to heighten the soaking up of X ray and displayed as white and grey ( rare ) . Less negative while x-ray soaking up and produces images that are dark and sometimes grey. The usage of contrast media are a few ways. Among them are, to present contrast media into the organic structure by injection through the venas, arterias and lympatic. Cantrast media can besides come in through the oral cavity and from the rectum. Examples of such compounds iodinated contrast positive and negative contrast as gas ( air ) or C dioxide. Among the processs affecting contrast media is IVU scrutiny, upper gastrointestinal system ( GIT ) , lower GI system, gall bladder and bilious canals and others. ivuaˆÂ ¦ . Intravenous urography ( I.V.U ) Introduction Urografi endovenous or better known as IVU mean radiographic scrutiny of the urinary system by utilizing contrast media to measure the map of the system. The intent of this review was to detect and measure the anatomical constructions that make up the urinary system seprti kidney, ureter, vesica and urethra, and Fungis such systems. In add-on, it besides seeks to measure the rate of elimination and soaking up of the urinary system itself. The size, form and place of soft tissue around the kidney will be seen on this scrutiny. Not merely that, but no pathology or disease, and breaks in the system awared radiographs taken. IVU endovenous urography which means radiographic scrutiny of the urinary system with a water-soluble contrast media to measure the map of the urinary system. This review is to show anatomy and measure the map of constructions that make up the system, such as kidney, ureter, urinary vesica and urethra. This scrutiny aims to measure the rate of elimination and soaking up of these constructions. In add-on, the size and place of soft tissue around the kidney will be shown. This cheque can besides place any pathology or upset of the system to the system through a series of radiogram taken. A As is good known, the usage of contrast media scrutiny of a solution incorporating iodine compounds. The solution was injected through a vena in the fossa antekubital antekubital the cubitus articulation. Contrast can be seen in both kidneys during the filtration procedure and can demo the ability to map. This scrutiny is merely 50-70 milliliter dijalanakan after injection. contrast media into the vena. Then a everyday X ray images are taken. This is normally called the IVU or IVP. Research is suggested for patients with jobs related to the urinary system. These trials show the kidney, womb and vesica. IVU is the appropriate trial for the probe of blood in the piss ( haematuria ) , skit in the genital and kidney rocks. Inventories are required depending on the state of affairs. If proving is required, readying is non required. However, if it is in conformity with the clip prescribed by the physician, patients are required to fast nightlong to clean the bowels. An agent ( drug ) to empty the intestine, and will be given on an assignment. If the patient has a history of asthma, allergic to iodine or a history of reactions to contrast media beriodin, medical specialty or other allergic reactions, or interpreter radiologist X ray should be informed. Indication i Growth in the venters or pelvic girdle i concretion in the kidney or ureter Renali Trauma Urinaryi shed blooding Renali Failure i Infection in the urinary system Contraindication i hypersensitivity in I Anuriai ( no piss elimination ) Multiplei myeloma Diabetesi mellitus Renali Disease congestivei bosom failure anmia reaping hook cell ( sickle cell anaemia ) i Pheochomocytoma ( renali tumours ) Inventories patients Take a laxative the dark before the scrutiny ofi two Eat a lowi berfiber i fasting 8 hours before periksaan i Information on the processs The contrast will be given merely after the patienti signed a consent signifier Drink plentifulness of H2O for bodyi kehidratan Patients should urinate before thei scrutiny instances instantly, bowel readying is noti required Equipment Kidney dishi Spiriti Velco tourniqueti i Sterile baseball mitt microporei ( plaster ) Contrast media types omnipaque: 180:50i milliliter Procedure At the clip of proving, the patient will lie on the table X ray. An X ray will be taken before the contrast medium injected into a vena. The radiotherapist will put a little acerate leaf on the arm venas. When the contrast medium injected into the vena, a individual may experience hot. That feeling will vanish shortly after the injection. X raies are taken and later, a force per unit area ring will be placed on the venters to demo a better nephritic systems. This will do the patient feels uncomfortable tetepi will non impact the patient ‘s external respiration. Radiographs ( x-ray ) will be taken. When the set released emphasized, patients need to empty the urinary vesica, and one more X raies are taken. Not all patients with caput memrlukan accent to the venters, depending on the shot obtained for the urinary system of a individual. Projection There are six projections to be taken: 1. Film prelim 2. Film immediate 3. 5 minute movie 4. 10 infinitesimal film ( compressed ) 5. Film release 6. Film post-mict Charge clip series projection objective 1 Preliminary KUB 35x43cm During the first patient to patient to see the intestine readying To place the place of the renal To find the exposure factor To see the pathological abnormalcies 2 Immediate 24x30cm movie and instantly upon after injection of contrast media to see the film nephrogram opasiti parekima system to measure nephritic and kidney after injection of contrast media 50 ml injection of contrast media, taken instantly after the injection is made To demo nephrogram stage of nephritic parenchyma showed 3 5 proceedingss 35x30cm KUB radiogram after 5 proceedingss of injection of contrast media to measure the secernment of contrast media in both nephritic To see the symmetricalness in the elimination of both kidneys Shows the system pelvic girdle The flow of contrast agent by the kidneys than A farther injection of contrast media may be less if opaksifikasi kidney 4 10 proceedingss with the force per unit area 24x30cm radiographic renal ( nephrogram ) after force per unit area for 10 proceedingss performed 15 proceedingss after injection system to show the pelvis-kalikseal Shows the pelvic girdle with contrast agent system Restrict the contrast medium into the ureter down 5 Release A Overall 35x43cm radiogram ( KUB ) after force per unit area is removed to show the urinary piece of land To see the flow of contrast medium make fulling the full ureter 6 Post micturation 35x43cm KUB radiogram is removed after the piss from the vesica ( after micturition ) To see the staying balance of contrast media in the urinary piece of land To see the ability of the ureter and vesica voidance Show any abnormalcy such as vesica tumour, divertikulum Patient attention after the process Ensure that patients in stablei status i Patient altering the original For the patient, back to the twenty-four hours carei unit For the patient, back to the wardi Discussions: Why might necessitate endovenous urography ( IVU ) ? There are many fortunes which require IVU scrutiny, but the most common is when you are suspected of holding rocks in your micturition system. Doctor wants to cognize how to make right out of the kidney to the vesica and how rocks affect the system itumembawa micturition. This trial can be used together with nephritic ultrasound and frailty versa. IVU besides used in the hunt for urinary obstructor or blood in the piss. What particular readying is necessary? Giving consequence to fast If the process done in the afternoon, the patient can eat a light breakfast. It is best if there anything to eat or imbibe 6 hours before the process. Water is allowed for those with diabetes, patients with myeloma, gijal failures and other unwanted wear conditions. Regulation of drug pickings Can non be of any ordinance ( other than those listed below ) in add-on you have asthma or allergic reactions are known. If this is the instance, your review will be reviewed, because you can acquire a reaction to the contrast media used. If your physician feels that the benefits exceed the hazard of the process, you will be given medicine pill Pediapred ( a steroid ) before the review – every bit much as 40mg 12 hours before and after, 40mg 2 hours before the process. Sometimes, if the scrutiny should be done instantly and you may non hold been prepared and have allergic reactions, you will be injected with 100 milligrams cortisol ( a steroid ) before scrutiny.AInventory bowel Diet without veggies and the remainder of the twenty-four hours before the scrutiny. Drink H2O freely during this before fasting once more. You will be given a laxative such as 2 tablets or 10 tablets eucarbon dulcolex at 6 autopsy before the showing. Bowel readying demands vary between different radiology sections, and you should be in relation to certain staff at the topographic point where you will hold your cheque. What really happens during an IVU? You need to alter apparels and have on a infirmary gown for this scrutiny and are asked to resign the piss your vesica. You will lie on a particular tabular array and abdominal radiogram will be performed at specific intervals. Contrast is given ( with a needle through a vena in your arm ) after the radiogram. First in the early phases, the compaction will be performed ( for a short clip merely ) at the underside of the organic structure by utilizing a shock absorber or a place belt or even the tabular array itself will travel down ( the caput ) . In the normal flow of piss from the kidney to the vesica, Procedure takes 30 proceedingss to finish. You are asked to urinate before the last movie taken. However, depending on you, more films and positions will be taken. Inspection will be arranged harmonizing to your sisitem micturition and may be modified and tmbahan medicine should be taken ( eg a diuretic ) in order to look into the state of affairs farther. This may take several hours to finish. At the terminal of the review, Radiologist to state why your physician foremost to propose that you run the IVU. Is it possible troubles originate? The lone trouble arises from the contrast media. These troubles are minor, such as itchiness, weariness and trouble external respiration, bead in blood force per unit area ( normally temporarily ) district attorney seldom dangerous ( anaphylaxis ) . A Rare feeling of hurting and uncomfortableness occurs when the abdominal compaction to be done, but this compaction is normally stopped when you told the translator to manage the X ray of your scrutiny. There are particular instructions after the IVU? There are no particular instructions after IVU. You can eat and imbibe but make non see your physician because he may hold the scrutiny or other processs after the IVU scrutiny. Barium clyster Introduction This is an scrutiny utilizing X raies to analyze the colon with Ba sulphate as contrast media. Colon is portion of the bowel between the little bowel and rectum. These trials evaluate the colon or big bowel. Apart from the nightlong fast, patients are required to provide the bowels. Bowel readying is normally carried out by utilizing julapp, which may be present in the signifier of pills, pulverizations or solutions. The trial besides does non take more than an hr. A tubing is so inserted through the rectum, and Ba. Radiologist may be given an injection in the blood vass to loosen up the bowels. Patients with unnatural bosom round, micturition due to prostate jobs that are non healthy or are required to advise the experts Rradiologi gaukoma that alternate medical specialty can be used. Radiologist will steer patients melelui some description of the different places. Done through two methods: I. Single contrast to kids II. Double contrast ( air and Ba ) to see the colon Indication I. Ca colon II. Obstruction ( barricading ) I. Pathology of colorectal Contra indicants I. Incomplete stock list venters II. Pregnant III. Severe hurting in venters IV. Ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease ( terrible redness of the colon ) V. Toxic megacolon Peersediaan venters 1. Give laxative 4 seeds two yearss before the scrutiny ( makn 2 seed after dinner ) 2. Eat easy to digest ( MAGGI and staff of life ) . Meats and veggies ( or fiber nutrients ) should non be consumed 24 hours before the scrutiny 3. Drink plentifulness of H2O 4. Fast 5-6 hours prior to review 5. No smoke Contrast media Solution: 4 cups 1 cup gum acacia medebar 1400 H2O Fluroskopi the ability of 10 frames / sec Fluroskopi tabular array with 90/20 jousts Equipment bags of Ba Injection equipment direction Equipment cannula rectum Inspection processs 1. Prelim radiographs taken with the patient supine on the scrutiny tabular array 2. Equipment is provided by linking the catheter tip in the Ba and pump supplies 3. Catheter inserted in the rectum with the patient ‘s status on the left sides 4. Then Ba released to the fleksus splenik under conditions fluroskopi 5. Patients are asked prone and so turn to the left and right so that the Ba can be embedded in the big bowel 6. Excess Ba removed by raising the tabular array to place or by puting a bag erek Ba Ba bag on the floor 7. The air will be pumped into the colon to attach to the full colon Ba and to demo â€Å" kaustra † colon. This is called a dual contrast consequence. 8. After the process is performed, radiographs should be made of 4 projections ; I. Prone – to show the full big bowel II. Dekubitus sidelong right and left sidelong dekubitus – to show the full big bowel III. Prone to the tubing confined corner of 45 grades to the bottom 5cm of the PSIS to see the sigmoid colon Discussions: When is a individual will necessitate a Ba clyster? Since there is a colonoscopy ( endoscopic colon ) , Ba clyster is diminishing. However, this process memepunyai usage when there are alterations in the normal bowel, the presence of blood in the stool, abdominal hurting and anus are non uncommon, terrible irregularity every bit good as support for other types of reviews. Sometimes, when the colonoscopy process to measure the colon is non good for some ground ( the form of the colon that was revolving spiral ) Ba clyster is performed. There is besides a clear difference in cost, the Ba clyster is less expensive. However, colonoscopy has the advantage of transporting out a biopsy ( tissue trying ) ssebarang distinctive features or abnormalcies seen. Sometimes if the colon is clearly a narrow or malignant neoplastic disease of the colon, Ba clyster scrutiny may demo the full colon and the presence of more than one malignant neoplastic disease better. The range will be a job through the narrow portion of the bowel, while Ba sulphate liquid to flux through the narrowest portion. A elaborate scrutiny of the Ba clyster may uncover narrowing of the big bowel, lesions and scratchs such as polyps or tumours. How to fix for the Ba clyster? Inventories gut to make 2 yearss or 48 hours before the process. Eat nutrients low in fibre: Do non eat meat, veggies, fruits and dairy merchandises. Avoid high-fiber nutrients. You can eat white staff of life, noodles ( like Mamee, MAGGI ) of fish and amylum on the first twenty-four hours of readying. On the 2nd twenty-four hours, merely clear liquids such as glucose, Ribena, livita and field H2O, the Chinese, coconut H2O, clear soup ( beef or poulet soup that has been filtered ) should be eaten. 2 yearss, you should imbibe plentifulness of fluids, including apparent H2O as much H2O in the organic structure will be lost when the drugs began to efficaciously gut. On the twenty-four hours before the process, you will be given medicine ( laxatives or clyster ) to assist your bowels. Make non be afraid if you have diarrhea, because the intent of all this readying. Drugs are taken in pill signifier or liquid, such as Oral Fleet. Each will hold a radiology section in readying for Ba clyster and certain medicines may be of different types, although it has the same action in the intestine – which is to â€Å" cleanse † your colon. Large bowel ( colon ) is clean is of import so that the Ba clyster to look at your colon mucous membrane clearly. If your assignment is at 9 am, you will be asked to fast ( non eat and imbibe ) after 12 autopsy, the twenty-four hours prior to the process. If your oral cavity is dry, you can suck ketula ice. If your assignment is non in the forenoon, you have to fast for 6 hours before the process. Barium Enema Introduction A Ba clyster is a diagnostic trial. During the test, the physician puts a contrast stuff called Ba into the rectum. Adequate Ba is given to make full the colon ( big bowel ) . A apparent abdominal X ray was taken. By make fulling the pit of the bowel, the physician can see the contours of the colon ‘s liner. Polyps, divertikula ( outpocketings ) , abscess, fistulous withers ( hole ) , kriptus ( pit of certain types ) , and inflammatory alterations can be detected. Mass ( eg tumour ) in peculiar is interesting because the trial is frequently used to test for colon malignant neoplastic disease. A A A A A * In peculiar, barium clyster is used to except bowel disease such as colorectal malignant neoplastic diseases. Over the old ages, Ba clyster was used to measure a assortment of other conditions such as these: A A A A A A A A A A A o Aappendikitis A A A A A A A A A A A o celiac psilosis A A A A A A A A A A A o colorectal adenomas ( growings are non unsafe ) A A A A A A A A A A A o colon divertikula ( pocket or pockets in the bowels ) A A A A A A A A A A A o colon polyps A A A A A A A A A A A o Crohn ‘s disease A A A A A A A A A A A o diarrhea A A A A A A A A A A A o colon diverticulitis A A A A A A A A A A A o chronic enteric pseudo-obstruction A A A A A A A A A A A o Lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage A A A A A A A A A A A o ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease * Although Ba clyster was originally intended as a manner to name the disease, its function has changed. Doctors use the trial as a showing tool for certain people who are at hazard for colorectal malignant neoplastic diseases. A A A A A * In add-on, the Ba clyster is used in some instances to handle a status. The force per unit area exerted when the Ba into the big bowel frequently consequences in work outing a intususepsi ( a telescope in which the effects of the big bowel creases in on itself ) -a status seen in babies. A A A A A * A last trial, the double-contrast Ba clyster, was developed in order to see the mucose membranes in the intestine better. This is achieved by utilizing a roentgenoscope ( an engine to see the internal construction ) and by pull stringsing the place of the individual and the sum of Ba and air are introduced. Hazard During Ba enema process, contrast stuff can punch the colon and spilled into the abdominal pit. Lining of the abdominal pit may go septic ( this status is called chemical peritoneal inflammation ) . Colon may be narrow and clogged. Because of this possible job, certain people may non be good campaigners for this process. Bowel before the process is completed. Anyone holding Ba clyster should be monitored for intestine readying processs. Perforation degrees between different types of clyster are likely due to perforation that occurred prior to the clyster, and the force per unit area exerted on the big bowel, non from the contrast stuff used. Get downing Ba clyster A A A A A * To acquire the exact contours of x-ray images of the colon, must be clean of dungs. This is achieved by cleansing clyster. A A A A A A A A A A A O In add-on, laxatives may be given orally to cleanse the colon of waste stuff could interfere with the processs and trial reading. A A A A A A A A A A A o Normally, you will non be allowed to take nutrient or liquids after midnight the dark before your process. You may be given endovenous fluids incorporating dextroglucose ( sugar ) merely before the trial. The process Sulawesi Barium clyster is performed at the outpatient x-ray centre or big infirmary. You normally go place the same twenty-four hours. A A A A A * When you arrive, the staff will look into the last clip you had no nutrient or liquids. They will besides guarantee that your colon has been adequately prepared ( by cleansing clyster or laxatives, or both ) . A A A A A * You will stay awake during Ba clyster processs. Contrast stuff ( Ba ) is inserted into the rectum through a fictile tubing. Besides the uncomfortableness, you may experience the force per unit area of the fluid that is being provided. If non, the hurting should be minimum. A A A A A * Some X ray is taken. The continuance of the download process depends on the velocity of Ba are needed to make full the field of involvement, the figure of exposures needed to decently measure the big bowel, and the add-on of Ba or exposures are required. After Procedure Most people have a short recovery clip and return place after the process. A A A A A * These images are read by a qualified radiotherapist who presented the findings to your physician may take to see exposures every bit good. Doctors normally call you within a hebdomad with the consequences. A A A A A * If there are unnatural consequences, such as contour abnormalities in the intestine suggest an unnatural mass, your physician will discourse the extra diagnostic and direction programs, which may include biopsy or surgery. Following Measure After you leave the infirmary or surgical centre, you expect after a intestine motion incorporating contrast stuff. You must pay attending to abdominal hurting, spasms, or purging. Name your physician or seek medical attending at the nearest wellness installation if you have terrible symptoms. Barium repast Barium is a calcareous liquid that is used by radiotherapists to depict parts of the digestive piece of land on X ray. In this manner, the digestive piece of land is much more clearly seen in the radiogram and easier to name jobs tersebut.pesakit patients will be given to imbibe Ba, which will demo the gorge ( nutrient tubing journey to the tummy ) the tummy and little bowel deodenum or rectal clyster may be given to demo big bowel. How long is the review done? Typically requires between 10-15 proceedingss. Preparation You may be given a drug pills to eat. Time be get downing the pills it would take the gas in the tummy. It is of import to seek because you would hold gas in the tummy during the scrutiny. After the patient swallows Ba, the patient will be asked to turn over to different places on the tabular array for x-ray tabular array to blend the Ba and gas in the tummy and duodenum.Aa Ba repast scrutiny is at the top A A from the GI piece of land ( GIT ) , esophagus, tummy and duodenum. Barium is a calcareous liquid that is used by radiotherapists to depict parts of the digestive piece of land on X ray. This is the x-ray sensing and X-ray image made from the GI piece of land is much more clear to see and is an assistance to name your job. Patients are given Ba to imbibe either, which will demo the gorge ( nutrient tubing journey to the tummy ) the tummy and little bowel or anus can be given as clyster to sketch the big bowel. You will hold been sent to barium clyster because you may hold suffered from intestine wonts alteration is A A A A A * Lower abdominal hurting A A A A A * Bloated feeling A A A A A * Shuttle diarrhoea and irregularity A A A A A * Blood in intestine motion A A A A A * Unexplained weight loss Preparation: For tummy involves eating merely soft nutrients, liquids, and take a laxative that will supply staff. You will be provided with written instructions about what you can eat and imbibe and when to take a laxative. If you are a diabetic be certain to inquire the staff for any particular instructions. A really powerful laxative and encouraged to stay close to the lavatory. Preparations for this process is really of import if the tummy is non clear processs will be done and should be rescheduled. Hazard: Small hazard of the process, the bowel may punch and barium might leak into the abdominal pit, it happens really seldom. Radiation dosage received is the same as your class will be unfastened for more than three old ages. You may be given medicine to loosen up the tummy during the process, if you suffer from bosom disease or glaucoma you should state the staff. Procedure: Will be done in the X-ray section and normally will be done as outpatient processs. If you believe you may be pregnant, you should state the staff before the start of the probe. When you arrive at your section will be displayed to the cubical and shows the current location near the lavatory, you will so be asked to take all your apparels and wear frocks, all metal objects, tickers and jewellery should be removed. A A A A A * You will be comfy lying on the tabular array with a cover to cover your R A A A A A * You will be asked to turn your manus, gently anal tubing is passed through a little way into the anus. A A A A A * The Ba liquid will so be introduced bit by bit radiologist will so motivate you to alter the place on the tabular array to surface the interior of the colon with liquid. A A A A A * Water can besides be inserted into the colon through the anal tubing of the same radiology section provides a clearer image of the colon. A A A A A * This process is more uncomfortable than painful, you may see tummy spasms, and comprehensiveness. A A A A A * You may be given an injection to loosen up the musculuss of the intestine wall, this may do blurring of your vision, but it will go through. A A A A A * You will hold X raies taken of you in different places A A A A A * The process can take about 20 proceedingss even if you can remain in office longer, waiting for X raies and a visit to the lavatory. A A A A A * If the process is complete, you will be able to travel to the lavatory. Some but non all of the Ba will be passed. Your soil will be removed when it is the colour white as Ba, your bench will go on to be a spot pale for a figure of intestine motions. A A A A A * The balance of the Ba will be produced of course in the intestine, but this can do irregularity so you are encouraged to imbibe plentifulness of fluids and eat high fibre diet for several yearss. how long the process wiil user? The examinatio normally takes between 10-15 proceedingss. readying. You may be given a point that, when swallowed, will let go of some gas in your tummy. of import to seek gas remains in the tummy during the trial. cup the sense of Ba sup and so you will be asked rolled to assorted places in the x-ray tabular array, to the mix, Ba and gas in the tummy and duodenum. little injection can besides be provided to assist you loosen up tummy. This may do impermanent blurred vision. and can non drive until your vision has returned to normal. The Ba will be seen on x-ray machine while you are who moved to different places to let you to barium make all parts of the tummy. radiotherapist will take x-ray scope when being examined by X ray is of import to follow waies and keep your breath when you are asked to guarantee that X raies do non get away. after the process after a Ba repast you will be given a mild laxative for download place with you to get the better of the effects of irregularity Ba. You should imbibe plentifulness of fluids. your intestine action may be white for several yearss after the process. If you have diabetes or other medical conditions det necessitating particular medicine, delight allow us before your assignment. If you have inquiries about the process please name us to talk with your physician Listen Read phoneticallyADictionary – Position detailed dictionary Google Translate for my: SearchesVideosEmailPhoneChatBusiness About Google TranslateTurn off blink of an eye translationPrivacyHelp A ©2010Business ToolsAbout Google TranslateBlogShare your storyPrivacyHelp Listen Read phoneticallyADictionary – Position detailed dictionaryprepositionin within inside Listen Read phoneticallyADictionary – Position detailed dictionaryprepositionin within inside